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Thursday, July 25, 2019
Cryptocurrency-Standards: Cryptocurrency
Cryptography-Cryptocurrency
Cryptography
Cryptography is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of untrusted third parties.
Cryptography is about constructing and analyzing protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages and intercepting transactions.
A cryptocurrency (or crypto currency) is a digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses strong cryptography to secure financial transactions, control the creation of additional units, and verify the transfer of assets.
Cryptocurrencies use decentralized control as opposed to centralized digital currency and central banking systems.
The decentralized control of each cryptocurrency works through distributed ledger technology, typically a blockchain, that serves as a public financial transaction database.
Bitcoin, first released as open-source software in 2009, is generally considered the first decentralized cryptocurrency.
Since the release of bitcoin, over 4,000 altcoins (alternative variants of bitcoin, or other cryptocurrencies) have been created.
Trezor uses the most modern and sophisticated cryptographic protocols to protect your funds, transactions, communication, passwords and to back up your wallets.
See also: Elliptic-curve cryptography, Public-key cryptography
A cryptocurrency (or crypto currency) is a digital asset designed to work as a medium of exchange that uses strong cryptography to secure financial transactions, control the creation of additional units, and verify the transfer of assets.
Cryptocurrencies use decentralized control as opposed to centralized digital currency and central banking systems.
The decentralized control of each cryptocurrency works through distributed ledger technology, typically a blockchain, that serves as a public financial transaction database.
Bitcoin, first released as open-source software in 2009, is generally considered the first decentralized cryptocurrency.
Since the release of bitcoin, over 4,000 altcoins (alternative variants of bitcoin, or other cryptocurrencies) have been created.
Trezor uses the most modern and sophisticated cryptographic protocols to protect your funds, transactions, communication, passwords and to back up your wallets.
See also: Elliptic-curve cryptography, Public-key cryptography
Like Trezor? Get one here!
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
Free Open-Source FPGA-Simulators: Cryptocurrency
Free Open-Source FPGA-Simulators
This is the Free Open-Source FPGA-Simulators, such as,
SystemVerilog that
is not a proprietary language and is free for personal use. I think
what you mean is a free simulator that can compile and run
SystemVerilog. Here’s that information:
- If working online is an option for you, check out www.edaplayground.com. It is an online IDE that gives you access to Synopsys VCS, Cadence Ncisive and other simulators.
- Download ModelSim PE Student Edition. It supports many, if not all SystemVerilog constructs.
Simulator name | License | Author/company | Supported languages | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
GPL Cver | GPL | Pragmatic C Software | V1995, minimal V2001 | This is a GPL open-source simulator. It is a pure simulator. This simulator is not fully IEEE 1364-2001 compliant. It does not support generate and constant functions. |
Icarus Verilog | GPL2+ | Stephen Williams | V1995, V2001, V2005, limited SV2005/SV2009 | Also known as iverilog. Good support for Verilog 2005, including generate statements and constant functions. |
LIFTING | A. Bosio, G. Di Natale (LIRMM) | V1995 | LIFTING (LIRMM Fault Simulator) is an open-source simulator able to perform both logic and fault simulation for single/multiple stuck-at faults and single event upset (SEU) on digital circuits described in Verilog. | |
OSS CVC | Perl style artistic license | Tachyon Design Automation | V2001, V2005 | CVC is a Verilog HDL compiled simulator. CVC has the ability to simulate in either interpreted or compiled mode. Source code is available under a Perl style artistic license. |
TkGate | GPL2+ | Jeffery P. Hansen | V1995 | Event driven digital circuit editor and simulator with tcl/tk GUI based on Verilog. Includes Verilog simulator Verga. |
Verilator | GPL3 | Veripool | Synthesizable V1995, V2001, V2005, SV2005, SV2009, SV2012, SV2017 | This is a very high speed open-source simulator that compiles synthesizable Verilog to multithreaded C++/SystemC. |
Verilog Behavioral Simulator (VBS) | GPL | Lay H. Tho and Jimen Ching | V1995 | Supports functions, tasks and module instantiation. Still lacks a lot of features, but this release has enough for a VLSI student to use and learn Verilog. Supports only behavioral constructs of Verilog and minimal simulation constructs such as 'initial' statements. |
VeriWell | GPL2 | Elliot Mednick | V1995 | This simulator used to be commercial, but has recently become GPL open-source. Compliance with 1364 is not well documented. It is not fully compliant with IEEE 1364-1995. |
ISOTEL Mixed Signal & Domain | GPL | ngspice and Yosys communities, and Isotel | V2005 | Open-source mixed signal ngspice simulator in combination with verilog synthesis software called Yosys and Isotel extension for embedded C/C++ (or other) co-simulation. |
Simulator name | License | Author/company | Supported languages | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|
GHDL | GPL2+ | Tristan Gingold | VHDL-1987, VHDL-1993, VHDL-2002, partial VHDL-2008 | GHDL is a complete VHDL simulator, using the GCC technology. |
Icarus Verilog | GPL2+ | Maciej SumiĆski Stephen Williams | It supports the 1995, 2001 and 2005 versions of the standard, portions of SystemVerilog, and some extensions. | VHDL preprocessor added that converts VHDL to Verilog |
NVC | GPL3 | Nick Gasson | VHDL-1993 | NVC is a GPLv3 VHDL compiler and simulator aiming for IEEE 1076-2002 compliance. See these blog posts for background information. NVC has been successfully used to simulate several real-world designs. |
YoSys | GPL3 | UnKnown | Verilog-2005 design | Yosys is a framework for Verilog RTL synthesis. |
KEY | |
Tag | Description |
---|---|
V1995 | IEEE 1364-1995 Verilog |
V2001 | IEEE 1364-2001 Verilog |
V2005 | IEEE 1364-2005 Verilog |
SV2005 | IEEE 1800-2005 SystemVerilog |
SV2009 | IEEE 1800-2009 SystemVerilog |
SV2012 | IEEE 1800-2012 SystemVerilog |
SV2017 | IEEE 1800-2017 SystemVerilog |
VHDL-1987 | IEEE 1076-1987 VHDL |
VHDL-1993 | IEEE 1076-1993 VHDL |
VHDL-2002 | IEEE 1076-2002 VHDL |
VHDL-2008 | IEEE 1076-2008 VHDL |
See also
SegWit: Cryptocurrency
SegWit
Segregated Witness (SegWit) is a protocol upgrade providing protection from transaction
malleability, and this is an increase of block capacity.
SegWit defines a new structure called a witness committed to blocks separately from the transaction merkle tree.
This structure contains data required to check transaction validity, and this is not required to determine transaction effects.
Signatures and redeem scripts are moved into this new structure.
This does not count add to the traditional one (1)MB block size limit and a new weight parameter is defined,.
These blocks are allowed to have maximum of 4 million weight units (WU).
A byte in the original one (1)MB zone of the block weighs 4 WU.
A byte in a witness structure only weighs 1 WU.
In and by this translation allowing blocks technically larger than one (1)MB without a hardforking change.
SegWit was the last protocol change needed to make the Lightning network safe to deploy on the Bitcoin network.
SegWit defines a new structure called a witness committed to blocks separately from the transaction merkle tree.
This structure contains data required to check transaction validity, and this is not required to determine transaction effects.
Signatures and redeem scripts are moved into this new structure.
This does not count add to the traditional one (1)MB block size limit and a new weight parameter is defined,.
These blocks are allowed to have maximum of 4 million weight units (WU).
A byte in the original one (1)MB zone of the block weighs 4 WU.
A byte in a witness structure only weighs 1 WU.
In and by this translation allowing blocks technically larger than one (1)MB without a hardforking change.
SegWit was the last protocol change needed to make the Lightning network safe to deploy on the Bitcoin network.
ScriptPubKey: Cryptocurrency
ScriptPubKey
See also: ScriptSig
To understand how transactions work on basic technical level, check blog post Types of Bitcoin transactions: Part I, Part 2.
More detailed description can be found in Bitcoin Wiki or in Bitcoin.org Developer guide.
Like Trezor? Get one here!
P2WPKH-within-P2SH (SegWit-aware): Cryptocurrency
P2WPKH-in-P2SH
The P2SH addressing transaction used as the cornerstone that includes P2WPKH inside it.
When SegWit-aware node identifies P2SH containing P2WPKH then interprets enact native transactions.
ScriptPubKey: OP_HASH160 <20-byte-redeemScriptHash> OP_EQUAL ScriptSig: <0 <20-byte-PublicKeyHash>> Witness: <Signature> <PublicKey>
RedeemScript: 0 <20-byte-PublicKeyHash>
The P2SH redeem script is equal to 0 <20-byte-PublicKeyHash> and is the exact same as P2WPKH scriptPubKey.
The ScriptSig is a canonical push of data, and this data contain another canonical push of data, please read link: "ScriptSig" for definition.
To understand how transactions work on basic technical level, check blog post Types of Bitcoin transactions: Part I, Part 2.
More detailed description can be found in Bitcoin Wiki or in Bitcoin.org Developer guide.
Like Trezor? Get one here!
Transaction-output: Cryptocurrency
Transaction output
In the context of Bitcoin in reference of an output contains instructions for sending bitcoins.
In this value is the number of Satoshi (1 BTC = 100,000,000 Satoshi) that this output will be worth when claimed.
For more information about "Transaction output", see this external article.
See also: Change address, Transaction, Transaction input
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